Friction stir welding method, frame members used therein, and product formed thereby

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a friction stir welding technique which avoids occurrence of a dent, in a joining region, extending to a level beneath the joined surfaces. At end portions of the frame members to be joined, at the joining region, thickened parts which project toward the rotary body joining tool are provided. Two adjoining thickened parts, of adjacent members to be joined, can form a trapezoid shape. The rotary body joining tool has a small-diameter tip portion and a larger diameter portion. The rotary body joining tool is inserted in the thickened parts. In a state where the rotary body joining tool has been inserted small-diameter tip end first, to a level where the larger diameter portion of the rotary body joining tool overlaps the thickened part but does not extend below the upper surface of the non-thickened surfaces of the members joined, the rotary body is rotated and moved along the joining region. Even when a gap exists between two thickened parts, a desirable joining can be carried out. After the joining, the remaining parts of the thickened parts can be machined so as to form a smooth surface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation Application of application Ser. No.09/547,042, filed on Apr. 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,515 which isa Divisional Application of application Ser. No. 09/025,070, filed Feb.17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,050,474 the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a friction stir welding method suitablefor use in joining members of various materials, including, for example,aluminum alloy members.

A friction stir welding method is a method in which by rotating around-shaped rod (a rotary body) inserted in a joining region betweentwo members (e.g., but not limiting, two metal bodies, such as bodieseach made of aluminum), and further by moving the rotary body along ajoining line, the two bodies at the joining region are heated, andmaterial thereof softened and plastically fluidized and thus the twobodies are solid-phase joined, e.g., are welded together at the joiningregion.

Conventionally, the rotary body comprises a small diameter portion whichis inserted in the joining region and a large diameter portion which ispositioned outside the joining region. The small diameter portion andthe large diameter portion are positioned on the same axis. A side ofthe large diameter portion is rotated, whereby both the large and smalldiameter portions are rotated. A boundary portion between the smalldiameter portion and the large diameter portion can be inserted a littleinto the joining region. A joining according to the friction stirwelding method can be applied to an abutting portion and an overlappingportion.

The above-stated prior technique is disclosed, for example, in Japanesepatent announcement laid-open publication No. Hei 7-505090 (EP 0615480B1); Dawes, “An Introduction to Friction Stir Welding and ItsDevelopment”, in Welding & Metal Fabrication (January 1995), pages 13,14 and 16; and by U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/820,231, filedMar. 18, 1997, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

This prior technique is also described in the article by T. Shinoda andY. Rondoh, “324 Butt Welding of Plate Using Friction Stir Welding;Method Study of Friction Stir Welding”, Welding Associate Japan LectureMeeting Outline, No. 56 (April 1995), pages 208 and 209. This articlediscloses a rotary body (rotary tool) made of stainless steel, membersto be welded (joined) made of pure aluminum (Al100), and the members tobe welded having a plate thickness of 6 mm. The rotary body has a largediameter portion with a diameter of 20 mm, and a small diameter portion(cylindrical) with a diameter of 6 mm and a length (axially) of 5 mm. Inoperation, the rotary body rotates at 1000–2500 rpm, and moves along thetwo members to be welded at a speed of 1.0–8.0 mm/s.

In the article described in the foregoing paragraph, the members to bejoined are made of aluminum. Alloys of aluminum are also suitable forwelding by friction stir welding; other metals studied for welding byfriction stir welding include copper, titanium and stainless steel. EP0615480 BI, referred to previously herein, discloses friction stirwelding of plastic (e.g., thermoplastic) materials. All of thesematerials can be welded by the process of the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to various experiments of the friction stir welding method, apart of an upper face of a joining region of two members is machined aschips, by a rotation of the large diameter portion of the rotary body,and a dent is caused in the upper face of the joining region. At bothsides of the dent, a thickened part is caused according to plasticdeformation of the members.

It is easy to delete the thickened part; however, a putty working isrequired to correct a dent, etc., and a high manufacturing cost results.

Further, where a gap exists between end faces of the abutting faces ofthe two members before the joining is performed, a default such as adent, etc., is generated at the joining region. As a result, a loweringin strength is caused, and this lowering in strength causes a problemparticularly in a large-scale construction. The larger the members, themore a management in the above-stated gap becomes difficult (i.e., themore the gap occurs); accordingly, the dent becomes large, and,moreover, a default is generated easily.

In a case where the joining region is covered by another member, forexample, the existence of the dent is not as much a problem, and thereis no problem except for the strength problem (which, of course, can bea serious problem itself). However, in a side face, etc., of a car bodyof cars (e.g., railroad cars), it is necessary to remove the dent from aviewpoint of an outward appearance. Further, even in a case where thedent is not visible, the dent becomes a problem from an aspect of theperformance (e.g., strength of the weld).

An object of the present invention is to prevent generation of a dent ina joining region when joining two members (e.g., but not limited to, twometal members, such as of aluminum alloy) by a friction stir weldingmethod.

Another object of the present invention is to provide members, to bejoined by friction stir welding, which avoid a dent in the joiningregion between the joined members.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a frictionstir welding method, and product manufactured thereby, whereby a dentcan be avoided in the joining region between joined members, where themembers joined are abutting each other before being joined or even wherethere is a small gap between the members before they are joined (but themembers are adjacent each other).

The above-stated objects can be attained by a provision where at leastone of the members to be joined has a thickened part, in cross section,at the joining region thereof with another member, the thickened partprotruding toward the rotary body used to perform the friction stirwelding. The rotary body has large and small diameter portions, e.g.,made of a material or materials harder than the material of the membersto be welded, the small diameter portion first being inserted in thejoining region of the members to be joined, during the joining. Themembers to be joined are positioned adjacent each other, with thethickened part of one member being positioned adjacent the other memberto be joined thereto by welding. Where both members have thickenedparts, the thickened parts can be positioned adjacent each other in thejoining (joint-forming) region, or only one thickened part need bepositioned in the joint-forming region. The rotary body is then causedto enter between the two members, in the joining region, with the smalldiameter portion of the rotary body being inserted into thejoint-forming region of the two members and the large diameter portionof the rotary body extending into the thickened part (but not below thethickened part). The rotary body is then moved along the members to bewelded, in the joining region, with the rotary body inserted asdescribed in the previous sentence to perform the friction stir welding.Due to provision of the thickened part, at the joint-forming region, adent (depressed region) at the weld region, in the joined members, canbe avoided. By positioning the rotary body such that the large-diameterportion thereof is inserted into the thickened part (overlaps with thethickened part), an excellent weld is achieved, while avoiding a dent inthe welded joint. Advantageously, the large-diameter portion of therotary body does not extend below the protruding portion of thethickened part, while moving the rotary body to perform the frictionstir welding.

The thickened part of the member can be an integral part of the member,and, e.g., extends to the edge (of the member) which is to be positionedadjacent another member to which the member is to be welded.

Preferably, the protruding portion has a side, furthest from the weldlocation, which, in cross section, is sloped (e.g., makes an acute angleof less than 90° with the plane of the surface of the member (other thanthe protruding portion); see ? in FIG. 4). Desirably, this side furthestfrom the weld location makes an angle of 15°–60°, preferably 30°, withthe plane of the surface of the member.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a part of oneembodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a state after afriction stir welding of the structure of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a state in whichafter a friction stir welding of the structure of FIG. 1 has beencarried out, a finishing process is carried out on one side.

FIG. 4 is a view for explaining dimensions.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a car body of a railway car.

FIG. 6 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a part of anotherembodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a lateral cross-sectional view showing a joining region ofanother embodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 8A is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a joiningapparatus of one embodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 8B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of part of anotherembodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 8C is a left-side view of FIG. 8B.

FIG. 8D is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a part of a furtherembodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a joining regionof a further embodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing a weldedstructure after a friction stir welding of the structure of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the resultingstructure after a thicker part of the structure in FIG. 10 is finishedsmoothly.

FIG. 12 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a joining region ofanother Embodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the resultingstructure after a friction stir welding of the structure shown in FIG.12.

FIG. 14 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the resultingstructure after a thicker part of the structure shown in FIG. 13 isfinished smoothly.

FIG. 15 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a joining region ofanother embodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing the resultingstructure after a friction stir welding of the structure shown in FIG.15.

FIG. 17 is a front view of a side structure body of a railway vehicle.

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line XVIII-XVIII ofFIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a right-side view of FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a part of a furtherembodiment according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention, which is an 20 application ofthe present invention for a car body of railway cars, will be explainedreferring to FIGS. 1–5.

In FIG. 5, a car body of a railway car is comprised of a sideconstructive body 41, a roof constructive body 42, a floor constructivebody 43, and a constructive body 44 of an end portion at a longitudinaldirection. The side constructive body 41 is constituted by arrangingplural hollow extruded frame members (50, 60) and by joining contactingportions thereof. The joining is carried out as shown in FIG. 1.

Both the roof constructive body 42 and the floor constructive body 43are similarly constituted. Connections between the side constructivebody 42 and the roof constructive body 41 and the floor constructivebody 43 are carried out using an MIG (metal electrode inert gas)welding, etc.

FIG. 1 shows a joint portion of a hollow frame member which constitutesthe side constructive body 41. The hollow frame members 50 and 60 areextruded frame members made from an aluminum alloy, for example. Thehollow frame members 50 and 60 each comprise two plates 51, 52 and 61,62, and diagonal plates (ribs) 53 and 63 which connect the plates 51 52and 61 62. The plural diagonal plates 53 and 63 are arranged with atruss shape. The plates 53 and 63 are inclined in different directions.The plural diagonal plates 53 and 63 are arranged with a truss shape.The inclination directions of the plates 53 and 63 are alternately.

An end portion of one hollow frame member 50 is entered into an endportion of another hollow frame member 60. A vertical plate 54 forjoining the plate 51 and the plate 52 is provided at a vicinity of theend portion of the hollow frame member 50. A reference numeral 54 is anextruded member for supporting the end portion of the hollow framemember 50.

On an extension line of a center of the thickness direction (in FIG. 1,a right and left direction) of the plate 54, the end portions of themembers to be joined have thickened parts (protruding portions) of thetwo hollow frame members 50 and 60. Namely, an end portion (a center ofa welding region W) of each of the hollow frame members 50 and 60, atwhich the joining is performed, is thickened so as to form theprotruding portions.

The plates 51, 52 and 61, 62 are positioned to extend to the weldingregion W (see FIG. 2, for example) and are extruded and formed thick atend portions to form the thickened parts at a side of a front face (anoutside in the thickness direction of the hollow frame member, or a sidefacing the tool for carrying out the joining working (welding), namely,a side facing the rotary body 70 which is a tool for friction stirwelding.

The thickened parts 56 and 66 are formed respectively at the endportions of the plates 51, 52 and 61, 62. The front faces (the outerfaces) of the thickened parts 56 and 66 are connected smoothly andinclined toward the front faces (the outer faces) of the plates (thenon-thickened portions, which may be planar) 51, 52 and 61, 62. When twothickened parts 56 and 66 are aligned, then they can form a trapezoidshape illustrated in FIG. 1, although the present invention is notlimited to the aligned parts 56 and 66 forming a trapezoid shape.

The rotary bodies 70 and 70, which are the joining tools for frictionstir welding, are arranged respectively at an upper portion and at alower portion of the joining regions of the hollow frame member. Eachrotary body 70 has a small diameter round-shape rod 72 (a smallerdiameter portion) at a tip end of a large diameter round-shape rod (alarger diameter portion) 71 which acts as a base portion. The largediameter portion 71 and the small diameter portion 72 are disposed onthe same axis.

The lower side rotary body 70 is positioned downwardly substantiallyvertically below the upper side rotary body 70. The rotary bodies 70 and70 can be separated along the joining line; however, to prevent bendingof the hollow frame members 50 and 60, it is desirable to not separatethe upper and lower rotary bodies a large distance in the directionalong the joining line. The material of the rotary body 70 is harderthan the materials of the hollow frame members 50 and 60.

By rotating the two rotary bodies 70 and 70, the small diameter portion72 is inserted into the joining region of the hollow frame members 50and 60. After that, the two rotary bodies 70 and 70 are moved in thehorizontal direction along the longitudinal direction of the joiningregion of the hollow frame members 50 and 60. The two rotary bodies 70and 70 are moved at the same time.

During the friction stir welding, at a side of the upper 20 side rotarybody 70, a boundary portion 73 (a substantially flat shape portion),between the large diameter portion 71 and the small diameter portion 72of the rotary body 70, is positioned spaced upward a little, at an upperportion 73 a (at a side of a face of an apex of the thickened parts 56and 66 and in an inner portion of the thickened parts 56 and 66), froman extension of an upper face of the general portion (the non-projectingportion) of the plates 51 and 61. That is, while the large diameterportion 71 of the upper side rotary body 70 extends below the upper faceof the thickened part—(e.g., is inserted into the thickened part), itdoes not extend below the level of the non-projecting portion of theplates 51 and 61.

At a side of the lower side rotary body 70, the boundary portion 73between the large diameter portion 71 and the small diameter portion 72is positioned a little below an extension of a lower face of the generalportion (the non-projecting portion) of the plates 52 and 62 (betweenthe face side of the apex of the thickened parts 56 and 66 and in aninner portion of the thickened parts 56 and 66).

Namely, the boundary portion 73 between the large diameter portion 71and the small diameter portion 72 is positioned at an outer side of theextension line of the face of the outer side of the non-projectingportion of the plates 51 and 52, and further is positioned in the innerportion of the thickened parts 56 and 66. In FIG. 1, the line 73 aindicates a position of the boundary portion 73. In other words, thelarge diameter portion is inserted to a position (with respect to theupper rotary body) below the apex of the thickened part but not belowthe extension line of the non-projecting portion of the plates 51 and52; the large diameter portion of the lower rotary body iscorrespondingly inserted.

In a case of performing the welding, the frame members 50 and 60 aremounted on a bed stand and are fixed thereto. No bed stand exists at asurrounding portion of the thickened part of the lower face. A rotatingcenter of the rotary body 70 is a center of the joining region; namely,such center is a center of the thickness of the plate 54.

In FIG. 4, a relationship about the dimensions of the respectiveportions will be explained. A width Wi of an apex of the two thickenedportions 56 and 66 (two welding portions 56 and 66), in a case where thetwo thickened portions 56 and 66 (two welding portions 56 and 66) areabutted, is larger than a diameter d of the small diameter portion 72but is smaller than a diameter D of the large diameter portion 71. Awidth W2 of the basis portion of the two thickened portions 56 and 66(two welding portions 56 and 66) is larger than the diameter D of thelarge diameter portion 71. A height Hi of the two thickened portions 56and 66 (two welding portions 56 and 66) is longer than a length of thesmall diameter portion 72.

When a lower end of the large diameter portion 71 is positioned at theposition 73 a of the two thickened portions 56 and 66 (two weldingportions 56 and 66), a tip end of the small diameter portion 72 reachesthe member 55 or is positioned in the vicinity of the member 55.

FIG. 2 shows a state in which the friction stir welding has beencompleted. FIG. 2 shows the joining (welding) region W at an upper sideof FIG. 1. The joining region at a lower side is symmetrical with theupper side joining region. At a side of an outer face of the joiningregion W, the dent K is caused, directed toward an inner side of thehollow frame member. At both sides of the dent K there are thick parts56T and 66T.

The thick parts 56T and 66T are remainders of the thickened parts 56 and66. The thick parts 56T and 66T include matters which are plasticallydeformed. A bottom face of the dent K is positioned at the outer sideportion 73 a, outward from an outer face of the plates 51 and 61.

In a case where the upper side face of FIG. 1 is the outer face side ofthe car body of a railway car, an excessive part of the upper facejoining region (a part extending outward from the faces of the generalportions (non-thickened portions) of the plates 51 and 61 is machinedby, illustratively, a grinding machine and the machining is performed sothat the face at the upper face joining region has the same plan face asthe upper faces of the general portion of the plates 51 and 61. Sincethe upper face joining region is machined, it is possible to easilycarry out removal of the excessive part.

At the lower face side, similarly to the above, the dent K and the thickparts 56T and 66T exist; however, when they exist at the inner face sideof the car body, because they are covered by make-up plates it isunnecessary to machine them.

FIG. 3 shows a state in which the frame members 50 and 60 mounted on abed stand 111 are joined through the upper side and the lower side, andnext under a state in which they are mounted on the bed stand 111, theupper face side thick parts 56T and 66T have been machined.

According to the above structure, an occurrence of the dent K extendingto a level below the level of the faces of the general portions(non-thickened portions) of the plates 51 and 61 can be preventedsubstantially. As a result, it is not necessary to carry out paddingwelding and mending using the putty member.

Further, in the above-stated embodiment, the end portions 56 a and 66 aof the thickened parts 56 and 66 contact each other; however, in a casewhere a gap exists between the thickened parts, the base metal of thethickened parts 56 and 66 which has been fluidized under the frictionstir welding is pushed into the gap. As a result, in a case of anexistence of the gap, a default is not generated in the joining region.

Illustratively, when the height of the thickened part (HI in FIG. 4) is1 mm, two members having a gap of 1 mm therebetween can be joinedwithout default. Further, it is possible to position the dent K outsideof an extension line of the outer face of the plates 51, 52 and 61, 62.Namely, the occurrence of the dent extending beyond the faces of theplates 51, 52 and 61, 62 can be prevented substantially and easily.

As seen in the foregoing, according to the present invention the twomembers to be joined can be in contact with each other, but need not bein contact; there can be a gap between the ends of the two members to bejoined. Throughout the present disclosure, where it is described thatthe two members to be joined are adjacent (abutting) each other, the twomembers can be in contact or can have small gaps therebetween.

Illustratively, when the height of the thickened part (HI in FIG. 4) is1 mm, two members having a gap of 1 mm therebetween can be joinedwithout default. Further, it is possible to position the dent K outsideof an extension line of the outer face of the plates 51, 52 and 61, 62.Namely, the occurrence of the dent extending beyond the faces of theplates 51, 52 and 61, 62 can be prevented substantially and easily.

Further, the thickened parts 56 and 66 of the joining region, whenjoined, can have a trapezoid shape; in comparison with a case where thethickened parts 56 and 66 are extruded with four-sided shapes, in thepresent invention no excessive part exists. As a result, the presentinvention can dispense with a small amount of the hollow frame member,and further it is possible to lessen the manufacturing cost.

Further, it is possible to lessen the machining amount by the grindingmachine, since, e.g., only remaining portions of the thickened partsneed be machined. Further, as shown in FIG. 6, after sides 51 a and 61 aof the thickened parts 56 and 66 are stood up a little from the outerfaces of the non-thickened portions of the plates 51 and 61, it ispossible to provide the trapezoid shapes to the thickened portions 56and 66.

The plate 54 prevents the plates 51 and 61 from bending at the thickenedparts 56 and 66, toward the inner side, due to the compressive forcecaused by the rotary bodies 70 and 70.

In FIG. 1, the right-end shape structure of the hollow frame member 50may employ the left-end shape structure of the hollow frame member andalso may employ the right-end shape structure of the hollow frame member60. The shape structure of the hollow frame member 60 can employ similarstructure. It is preferable to join the two hollow frame members.

The rotary body 70 is moved by detecting the abutting portion using anoptical sensor. By detecting the slope faces 56 c and 66 c of thethickened parts 56 and 66, the position in the width direction of therotary body 70 is determined. As shown in FIG. 7, the slope faces 56 nand 66 nm for sensing can be provided at a part to which the thickenedparts 56 m and 66 m are opposite. The slope face 56 n (66 n) can beprovided respectively to both of the thickened parts 56 m and 66 m orcan be provided to one of the thickened parts 56 m and 66 m.

In each of the above-stated embodiments, the two end faces 56 a and 66 aof the two joining regions are parallel to the axis center of the rotarybody 70; however, the two end faces 56 a and 66 a can be inclinedagainst the axis center of the rotary body 70. For example, the end face56 a of one member 50 is inclined and against to this end face 56 a theend face 66 a of another member 60 can be overlapped at the upper side.

According to this structure, even when the gap between the two end facesis large, according to the rotation of the rotary body 70 it is possibleto prevent the outflow of the fluidized metal from the extruded member55. This structure is suitable to the connection of mutual pipes.

A joining apparatus will be explained referring to FIG. BA. The hollowframe members 50 and 60 are mounted on the bed stands 111, 111 and fixedby a cramp 113. The abutting portions of the two hollow frame members 50and 60 are temporarily welded suitably.

An upper side rotary body 70 is hung down from a running body 121 whichis run toward a width direction. The running body 121 is moved along anupper portion frame of a gate type running body 122. The running body122 is run along a rail 123 which is arranged to both sides, along alongitudinal direction, of the hollow frame members 50 and 60.

A lower side rotary body 70 is provided on a running body 131 which isarranged between two seats 111 and 111. The running body 131 is mountedon the running body 132 and is moved toward the width direction.

The running body 132 is run along the rail 133 and also along thelongitudinal direction of the hollow frame members 50 and 60. The lowerside rotary body 70 is provided on a lower portion of the upper siderotary body 70. The running bodies 121 and 131 also move the rotarybodies 70 and 70 in the vertical direction.

Plural rollers 124 and 134 for pressing the hollow frame members 50 and60 are provided on the running bodies 121 and 131. The rollers 124 and134 are arranged at a front portion of the rotary bodies 70 and 70 andon both sides of the thickened parts 56 and 66. The rollers 124 and 134are provided with plural rows along the running direction as occasiondemands. Rollers can be added in front of and to the rear of the rotarybody 70.

The running bodies 121 and 131 have a sensor (not shown in the figure)which can detect the position to be joined. The running bodies 121 and131 are moved in the width direction in response to a detection made bythe sensor. In a case a laser is used as the sensor, the slope faces 56c, 56 c and 66 c, 66 c are found and a center to be joined is detected.

After the joining of the upper face and the lower face of the hollowframe members 50 and 60 using the rotary bodies 70 and 70, and under astate in which the hollow frame members 50 and 60 are mounted on the bedstands 111 and 111, the hollow frame members 50 and 60 are finishedsmoothly by machining off the thick parts of the upper face.

When the machining grinding working is carried out by a manual working,the friction stir welded structure can be finished more smoothly. Forthis reason, the thick part is provided at the upper face in order to beable to carry out the machining working.

Further, first of all, since the thick part is first machined using themachine, which leaves a little of the thick part and after that theremaining thick part is machined by manual working, it is possible toshorten the cutting working. In this case the rotary body 70 leaves arear portion of running body 121 unoccupied, and the cutting tool isprovided on the running body 121. And in a case where the rotary body 70is rotated, the cutting tool carries out the cutting working.

For example, as shown in FIGS. 8B and BC, to the rear of the rotary body70 of the upper face side, an end milling machine 126 is provided on theupper face side running body 121. The end milling machine 126 cuts offthe thick parts 56T and 66T. A lower end of the end milling machine 126is positioned at an upper portion a little from the upper faces of theupper face plates 51 and 61 of the hollow frame members 50 and 60. Adiameter of the end milling machine 126 is sufficiently larger than thewidths of the thick parts 56T and 66T which are positioned at theabove-stated position. The rollers 124 and 134 push down a vicinity ofthe end milling machine 126 from an upper portion and a lower portionand therefore a cutting amount by the end milling machine 126 is madeuniformly.

In the above-stated embodiments, a pair of the hollow frame members haverespectively the thickened parts at the end portions; however, as shownin FIG. SD, it is possible to constitute a case where only one of thehollow frame members has a thickened part. A metal of the thickened part66 is moved at a clearance between the hollow frame members 50 and 60and an upper face of the plate of the hollow frame member 50. Further,similarly to the above, in one hollow frame member 60 the thickened partis formed at the upper face plate 61, and in another hollow frame member50 the lower face 52 has the thickened part. In the above-statedembodiments, the frame member (e.g., an extruded frame member) isexemplified as a hollow frame member; however, it is possible to applythe present invention to a non-hollow, e.g., extruded, frame member.Hereinafter, such embodiments will be explained.

FIG. 9 shows an example of a joint structure which has the thickenedparts 34 and 35 at the end portions of the plate-shape extruded framemembers 31 and 32, and the frame members 31 and 32 are joined byabutting the thick parts 34 and 35 to each other and friction stirwelding. During the welding, the extruded frame members 31 and 32 arearranged on backing tools (bed stands) 36. To prevent the backing toolsfrom joining with the joining region W, those backing tools 36 are madeof materials harder than the materials of the extruded frame members 31and 32.

When the rotary body 70 is rotated and moved along the abutting face ofthe joint, the joining region W shown in FIG. 10 can be obtained. Theconditions for the rotary body 70 against the thickened parts 34 and 35are similar to those of the above-stated embodiments.

Next, as shown in FIG. 11, the dent K and the thick parts are removedsmoothly using the grinding machine. The roller 124 of the joiningapparatus is similar to those of the above-stated embodiments.

Further, in a case where the extruded frame member, etc., has only onejoining region, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, in place of thelower side rotary body 70, a roll for supporting the extruded framemember can be arranged. With this structure, it is unnecessary tosupport a whole face of the frame members 31 and 32; as a result the bedstand structure can be simplified.

An embodiment shown from FIG. 12 to FIG. 14 shows a case where one faceof each of the frame members 37 and 38 has plural ribs 39; and at anopposed face to the face having the ribs 39 the extruded frame members37 and 38, having the thickened parts 34 b and 35 b, are joined byfriction stir welding. The bed stand 36B mounts the lower-ends of theribs 39 and the lower faces of the thickened parts 34 and 35. Thefriction stir welding is performed similarly to the above-statedembodiments.

An embodiment shown from FIG. 15 to FIG. 16 shows a case where theextruded frame members 37 c and 38 c, having the thickened parts 34 band 35 b, are provided at a side of the ribs 39. With this structure, aside of a bed stand 36C becomes flat.

As a result, in a case where at the opposite side of the ribs 39 alittle unevenness is permitted, it is possible to delete the finishingprocess for making the joining smooth, so that the joined structure canbe manufactured at a low cost. The joining region W is a good joiningregion and a predetermined thickness thereof can be obtained.

One embodiment shown from FIG. 17 to FIG. 19 will be explained. In FIG.17, a side structure body 416 of a railway vehicle is comprised ofplural extruded frame members 150 and 160. Each of the extruded framemembers 150 and 150 between an entrance and exit port 171 and a window172, and between the window 172 and the window 172, extend in alongitudinal direction in FIG. 17 (that is, have their length extendingin this longitudinal direction). Each of the extruded frame members 160and 160 at the lower portions of the window 172 and at the upperportions of the window 172 extend in a lateral direction in FIG. 17(that is, have their length extending in this lateral direction).Namely, the extruded frame members 150 and the extruded frame members160 extend in directions (that is, have their lengths) orthogonal toeach other. The extruded frame members 150 and 150, which extend in(have their lengths extending in) the same direction, are joined to eachother, and the extruded frame members 160 and 160, which extend in (havetheir lengths extending in) the same direction, are joined to eachother, by providing the thickened parts, similarly to the above-statedembodiments.

An intersecting portion of the directions that the frame members 150 and160 extend is shown in FIG. 18. FIG. 18 shows a condition before thefriction stir welding. The extruded frame members 150 and 160 have a rib153 and a rib 163 at one side of the plates. The extruded frame members150 and 160 are not the hollow frame members. The extruded frame members150 and 160 mount the plate 151 and the plate 161 on a bed stand 36C.The ribs 153 and 163 direct toward the upper portions. The sides of theribs 153 and 163 are the inner side of the car, and the sides of theplates 151 and 161 are the outer side of the car.

The end portion of the extruded frame member 150 is extruded to a sideof the rib 153 and constitutes a thickened part 156. The thickened part156 is extruded further toward the extruded frame member 160 to bewelded and constitutes an extruded part 157. The extruded part 157 isoverlapped with an inner side of the plate 161 of the extruded framemember 160 (the side of the rib 163). The rib 163 of the part of theextruded part 157 is cut off and removed. Illustratively, an extrudedamount L2 of the extruded part 157 is the same as a width Li of thethickened part 156. Namely, the extruded part 157 corresponds to thethickened part 156. A tip portion of the extruded part 157 has anoblique side surface similarly to that of the thickened part 156.

By inserting the rotary body 70 from an upper portion, when the frictionstir welding is carried out, since the extruded part 157 existsoverlying a clearance 150 c between the end portions 150 b and 160 b ofthe two extruded frame members 150 and 160, the metal of the extrudedpart 157 is supplied to the clearance 150 c. Further, the metal issupplied also to the upper portion of the extruded frame member 60. As aresult, in comparing a welding formed using structure having boththickened part 156 and extruded part 157 with a welding formed withstructure which did not have the thickened part 156 and the extrudedpart 157, and further in comparing a welding formed using structurehaving both thickened part 156 and extruded part 157 with a weldingformed with structure which had thickened part 156 but did not have theextruded part 157, a good welding can be obtained.

Since by cutting off the rib 163 of the extruded frame member 160 andthe extruded frame member 160 is overlapped by the extruded part 157,the plate 161 at the vicinity of the extruded part 157 can be presseddown, and a good welding can be obtained.

A triangular-shaped groove 158 is provided at an outer face of thethickened part 156 which is positioned between the end portion 150 b ofthe extruded frame member 150 and the end portion 160 b of the extrudedframe member 160. This groove 158 works a role of a positional mark fordetermining initially the position of the rotary body 70. This groove158 further works a role of a mark for the sensor.

FIG. 20 shows a case where the thickened part 156 and the extruded part157 are not provided at the side of the rib 153. The ribs 153 and 163are mounted on a bed stand 36B. The thickened part 156, the extrudedpart 157 and the plates 151 and 161 surrounding these parts are mountedon a bed stand which projects toward an upper portion from the stand36B. The rib 163 at the vicinity of the end portion of the extrudedframe member 160 is cut off. The thickened part 156 and the extrudedpart 157 of the extruded frame member 150 are positioned at the side ofthe plate 151 (the outer face side of the car)

In a case of the welding of the extruded frame members in which theextruded direction is orthogonal, it is possible to use structure havingonly the thickened part 156 and not the extruded part 157. Further, theprovision of the extruded part toward the adjacent member can be adaptedto the hollow extruded frame member, etc. Further, the provision of theextruded part can be adapted to joining two extruded frame members whichare not orthogonal, namely, to the welding of two parallel members. Theabove method can be adopted to mutual honeycomb panels. Each honeycombpanel comprises two face plates, a honeycomb core member arrangedbetween the two face plates, and a flange member arranged at asurrounding portion of the core member, etc.

The object matter to be joined can be pipes, etc. In this case, theplate of the above-stated embodiments will be replaced with a cylindersuitably.

Through use of the present invention, dents extending below the surfacesof the joined members can be avoided. Therefore, finishing of the joinedmembers, to provide a smooth surface extending across the joint betweenthe joined members, can be simplified.

Furthermore, even when there is a gap (or gaps) between the members tobe joined by the friction stir welding and these gaps are large, dentsextending below the surfaces of the joined members can be avoided,simplifying finishing work in providing a smooth surface extendingacross the joint.

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the spirit or essential characteristic thereof. The presentembodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects asillustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention beingindicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoingdescription, and all changes which come within the meaning and range ofequivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

1. An extruded frame member adapted to be welded by friction stirwelding, comprising a plate having plural ribs at only one face ofsaid-plate, said plate having a second face opposite to said one face,an end of the plate extending substantially in a plane between said oneface and said second face, wherein at least one end portion, extendingfrom said end of said plate in a width direction, of said extruded framemember, is provided with a raised portion which projects to an outerside in a thickness direction of said extruded frame member, and isprovided in a side of said plural ribs, from said one face on which saidplural ribs are provided of said plate, said raised portion being wheresaid friction stir welding is carried out, wherein said at least one endportion, including said raised portion, is adapted to be friction stirwelded from an upper side of said raised portion; and said raisedportion includes a first part that extends above said end portion and asecond part that extends in a direction substantially in parallel withsaid end portion of said extruded frame member and beyond said end ofsaid plate, said second part being formed continuously with said firstpart.
 2. An extruded frame member adapted to be welded by friction stirwelding, having two plates and plural plate members connecting said twoplates, said two plates respectively having ends which are each insubstantially a same plane, said ends of said two plates being insubstantially a same plane, said plate having plural ribs at only oneface of said plate, said plate having a second face opposite to said oneface, an end of said plate extending substantially in a plane betweensaid one face and said second face, wherein end portions, extending fromsaid ends in a width direction, of said two plates, have a raisedportion which projects to an outer side in a thickness direction of saidextruded frame member and are provided in a side of said plural ribs,said raised portion being where said friction stir welding is carriedout, wherein said end portion, including said raised portion, is adaptedto be friction stir welded from an upper side of said raised portion;said raised portion includes a first part that extends above said endportion and a second part that extends in a direction substantially inparallel with said end portion and beyond said respective end of saidtwo plates, said second part being formed continuously with the firstpart, only said raised portion, of said extruded frame member, extendingbeyond said ends; thereby on both of said respective raised portions ofsaid two plates, friction stir welding is carried out.
 3. An extrudedframe member according to claim 2, wherein said plate member is attachedto said at least one of the two plates, having the raised portionprojecting from an end portion thereof, at the end portion having theraised portion projecting therefrom; and wherein said plate memberextends in the thickness direction of the extruded frame member, betweenthe end portion having the raised portion and the other plate.
 4. Anextruded frame member according to claim 1 wherein said raised portionincludes a first side forming an end part of the extruded frame member,at said at least one end portion, and wherein said raised portion alsoincludes a sloped portion overlying and extending from said plate fromwhich said raised portion projects, and forming a second side of theraised portion opposite said first side of the raised portion.
 5. Anextruded frame member according to claim 4, wherein said sloped portionextends from said plate, from which said raised portion projects, to anapex of the raised portion.
 6. An extruded frame member according toclaim 1, wherein said sloped portion makes an acute angle of less than90° with said plate, from which said raised portion projects.
 7. Anextruded frame member according to claim 6, wherein said acute angle isin a range of 15°–60°.
 8. An extruded frame member according to claim 1,wherein said extruded frame member is adapted to be friction stir weldedusing a rotary tool having a relatively large diameter portion and arelatively small diameter portion having a length and extending from therelatively large diameter portion, and wherein a height of the raisedportion is greater than said length of the relatively small diameterportion.
 9. An extruded frame member according to claim 1, wherein saidraised portion is integral with said plate.
 10. An extruded frame memberaccording to claim 1, wherein said extruded frame member is made of amaterial adapted to be friction stir welded.
 11. An extruded framemember according to claim 1, wherein said raised portion providesmaterial for a joint formed by said friction stir welding.
 12. Anextruded frame member according to claim 2, wherein said raised portionincludes a sloped portion, forming a side of the raised portion oppositea side of the raised portion closest to an edge of the extruded framemember.
 13. An extruded frame member according to claim 12, wherein saidsloped portion makes an acute angle of less than 90° with said at leastone of said two plates.
 14. An extruded frame member according to claim2, wherein said friction stir welding is carried out using a rotary toolhaving a relatively large diameter portion and a relatively smalldiameter portion having a length and extending from the relatively largediameter portion, and Wherein a height of the raised portion is greaterthan said length of the relatively small diameter portion.
 15. Anextruded frame member according to claim 2, wherein said raised portionis integral with said at least one of said two plates.
 16. An extrudedframe member according to claim 2, wherein said extruded frame member ismade of a material adapted to be friction stir welded.
 17. An extrudedframe member according to claim 1, wherein each of said at least one endportion includes an end face forming the end of the extruded framemember, and said end face is substantially perpendicular to said oneface or said another face of said plate, from which said raised portionprojects.
 18. An extruded frame member according to claim 1, whereinsaid raised portion, in cross-section, has a quadrilateral shape.
 19. Anextruded frame member according to claim 1, wherein said extruded framemember is adapted to be friction stir welded to another frame memberabutted to said at least one end portion of the extruded frame member,with said another frame member extending from said plate at a positionsubstantially within a thickness of said plate when said friction stirwelding is carried out.
 20. An extruded frame member according to claim19, wherein said another frame member has a face, and said face of saidanother frame member is substantially coplanar with a face of said platewhen said friction stir welding is carried out.